Endemism

Endemism Definition

Endemism is the condition of being endemic, or restricted in geographical distribution to an area or region. The area or region can vary in size, and is defined or identified in different ways. Endemism is an ecological classification in that it describes the range or distribution of a species, or group of species. For instance, entire families of different species of birds are endemic to the island of Madagascar. The term endemism can applied to many things, including diseases and natural phenomenon. Endemism in these cases refers to the “normal” or standard level of some measured observation within a specific geographic region or area.

Endemism is not to be confused with indigenous, a term which refers to the origins of a species. Indigenous refers to where a group originated. A species can be both endemic and indigenous to an area. However, some species thrive and exceed the bounds of their original indigenous location. This means that the species is no longer endemic, but is still indigenous to the original area. Once a species has reached a wide-spread, global distribution it is said to be cosmopolitan. Animals like whales, once indigenous to a specific mainland in the form of their 4-legged ancestors, are now cosmopolitan in distribution.

Endemic Species

An endemic species is a species which is restricted geographically to a particular area. Endemism in a species can arise through a species going extinct in other regions. This is called paleoendemism. Alternatively, new species are always endemic to the region in which they first appear. This is called neoendemism. Both forms of endemism are discussed in more detail under the heading “Types of Endemism”, below.

Endemic species, regardless of how they came to be restricted to a particular area, experience the same threats to their existence. The smaller the region, the more dire the threat toward the survival of the species. Any action that reduces the size of the land, or divides it in any way can significantly affect the normal patterns of the endemic species. While endemism and being endangered or threatened are different things, being endemic to a small area is often a warning sign that a species may become threatened or endangered.

This is not always the case, as many globally distributed species are also considered threatened or endangered. In recent years, many sharks have joined the list. While they are distributed throughout many of the ocean’s waters, the harvesting of shark fins for soup has decimated their populations globally. Endemism sometimes protects species from being exploited globally, simply because of the fact that the species only exists in a small area. This can even make the species easier to protect, because the land can be placed under a conservation easement to restrict the construction and human impact on the land.

Endemic Disease

Scientists studying epidemiology, or disease outbreaks, have a similar definition of endemism. An endemic disease is a disease seen at consistent levels in specific location. For instance, endemic relapsing fever is a disease seen in Europe and in North America. The disease is not seen in any sort of observable amounts in other parts of the world. Other diseases, which are new to an area or are spiking in their prevalence, are known as epidemic diseases.

There are many endemic diseases, and their endemism has roots in the species and vectors which promote these diseases. In the case of relapsing fever, a vector carries the bacterium of the Borrelia species. There are several vectors which can carry these bacteria, mostly including ticks and lice. The species of ticks and lice which carry these bacteria are endemic to the Northern Hemisphere. Borrelia bacteria are also responsible for Lyme disease, a disease endemic to the Northern Hemisphere. A map of Lyme disease is shown below, and corresponds to the endemism seen in tick and lice species.

While Lyme disease and relapsing fever are endemic to these areas, they are not endemic to say, Australia. If there were even a few cases of Lyme disease in Australia, the disease would be considered epidemic, because the normal level of Lyme disease in Australia is zero.

Types of Endemism

Paleoendemism

There are two basic ways for a species to show endemism to a certain region. Basically, the difference between the two is whether the species is newly emerging, or historic and declining. Paleoendemism describes the later. In this form of endemism, a species which was once widespread has been reduced to a much smaller range. This is the case for many large predators today.

Before humans, large predators were widely distributed across the globe. As human society became more organized, large predators were driven away from society, and out of their historic ranges. Those which have not gone extinct are now restricted to limited ranges. Conservation efforts for these animal focus on protecting the current range and expanding it to encompass the historic range. This is hard however, as humans often oppose the re-introduction of large predators. Without protections from hunters, the species will easily be pushed back to their endemic range.

Neoendemism

On the opposite hand, new species are branching off the evolutionary tree every day. These species are both endemic and indigenous to the location in which they first appeared. They are restricted to a geographical location simply because that is where they started. This is known as neoendemism. There are many species, found on islands, which show this form of endemism.

Islands provide an interesting and isolated grounds for the development of new species. While the species on the island are now endemic, their ancestors were likely not. Take the Galapagos finches, as an example. The Galapagos archipelago contains many islands. Many thousands of years ago, a single finch species arrived on the islands. At first, it spread across the island as one species. However, evolution has now separated the birds so much that they represent different species. The differences in the vegetation on the islands divided the ancestor into many smaller species, which show endemism to the island they are found on.

Quiz

1. The Greenback Cutthroat Trout is a fish which is indigenous to many waters in Colorado. After heavy over-fishing, the species is now endemic to only a small handful of streams in Colorado. Which of the following statements says the same thing as the above sentences?
A. These trout are native to many waters, but have been reduced to only a handful
B. These trout both come from and reside in Colorado
C. Overfishing has not decreased the range of these trout

Answer to Question #1

A is correct. The Greenback Cutthroat Trout has had its range drastically reduced. Where it used to be endemic to Colorado waters, it is now endemic to a much smaller area. Indigenous refers to its historic area, and where it most likely originated as a species.

2. Endemism is often mistaken with being endangered. How are the two terms different?
A. They are essentially the same.
B. Endemism simply describes the distribution, while endangered describes the threats to a population
C. Endemic species often become endangered

Answer to Question #2

B is correct. Endemism is simply a description of the range of a species, disease, or phenomenon. Endangered is a term used to describe a species which has a chance of being wiped out. While the two often describe the same species, some endemic species are not under threat.

3. Which of the following is NOT an endemic disease?
A. The common flu
B. Zika virus, found in Minnesota
C. Malaria, in Africa

Answer to Question #3

B is correct. Finding the Zika virus in Minnesota would be considered an epidemic, because the disease has never been seen there. The Zika virus is carried by mosquitos, which have a hard time surviving in Minnesota. The other two diseases are seen at consistent levels in the countries in which they are found, a characteristic of endemism in disease.

References

• Blumstein, D. T., & Fernandez-Juricic, E. (2010). A Primer of Conservation Behavior. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers.


• Heymann, MD, D. L. (Ed.). (2015). Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. Washington: American Public Health Association.


• Rogers, PhD, K. (2015). Colorado Outdoors – Piecing together the past (Cutthroat Trout). Retrieved from Colorado Parks and Wildlife: http://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Research/Aquatic/CutthroatTrout/Rogers2012CoOutdoors.pdf

Endemism